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A CPA has passed a uniform examination, met an experience requirement, and holds a license from a state board. That license is what allows a firm to sign an audit report and to represent a client before the tax authority without limits. Plenty of capable accountants are not CPAs. The distinction starts to matter the moment somebody outside your business needs to rely on your numbers.
That reliance is what assurance buys. An audit is the deepest level: the firm tests the underlying records and expresses an opinion. A review is lighter, built on analysis and inquiry. A compilation simply presents your figures in statement form with no opinion attached. Lenders, investors, franchisors, grant funders and boards each ask for a particular level, so find out which one is being demanded before you shop.
Ask who signs the report, whether the firm takes part in peer review, what the timetable looks like, and what it will need from your side. An audit is work for your team too: schedules, reconciliations, confirmations and a lot of questions. Independence rules also limit what else the same firm can do for you.
Each listing reflects what a firm publishes about its licenses, its assurance work and the sectors it serves. The state and city lists lead to firms near you, and each city page shows which are based there.
Examinations passed, supervised experience completed, continuing education kept current, and a state board that can suspend the license for misconduct. It also carries unlimited practice rights before the tax authority. It is not a promise of good service. It is a floor of testing and accountability that an unlicensed preparer does not stand on.
Whichever the party asking for statements will accept. A bank covenant, an investor agreement, a franchise contract or a grant condition normally names the level in writing. Do not buy an audit because it sounds thorough; it costs far more and takes far longer. Get the requirement in writing first, then price the engagement.
Lenders on larger facilities, investors and acquirers, franchisors, insurers writing bonds, government agencies awarding contracts or grants, and boards of nonprofits above a funding level set by their state. Employee benefit plans have their own rules. If nobody in that list is asking, you probably need a lighter engagement.
More than most first-timers expect. Closed books, reconciliations that tie, supporting schedules, contracts and minutes, confirmations sent to banks and customers, and someone available to answer questions for the duration of the fieldwork. The cleaner the preparation, the shorter the engagement and the smaller the bill.
Sometimes, and the rules are strict about where the line falls. A firm cannot audit work it effectively performed itself, so bookkeeping and management decisions are off limits for an audit client. Tax compliance is often allowed with safeguards. Ask the firm to explain its independence position in writing before you engage it for both.